History of English Language Essay

incline language, like galore(postnominal) elements in the history, has g cardinal many transformations for nothing is permanent in this world. There are many bring factors that played in its development as what it is now including different influences brought to it by merging of cultures and sometimes war. side language also differs depending on the culture of ones agricultural, since not scarcely one country is using this as their official language scarce many of them and, each has gone some alteration that represents their culture.In this global period, side language is considered as the worlds official language through which, all countries are united heading towards emerging economic progress and common understanding of all people in the whole world. Through this also, war is avoided, common goals are set for the good of all, and poor people countries are taken into account by international organization. English language because as widely accepted fact, is the lingua fra nca of the world and the language of economics.English language, since it is replacing new(prenominal) previously dominant languages of the world such as French and Spanish, is taught in almost schools in all countries from Pre-elementary courses to college courses. Through this emerging trend, many students from affluent countries avail themselves of western education which they consider as an advantage in their career. nearly would even take English lessons in other countries to fill fluency and competency.The reason behind is that, English is the only means to communicate with all the people of the world wherever you are or what ever country you may be. Thus, international communication is now possible regardless of which country you come from as long as you know even just the basic and as their languages unite their understanding of their culture is strengthened. Development of emeritus English Language ageing English language had been developed through many components wit h its rakehell from the history.Although, many historians believed and developed the hypothesis that English language and other languages in many parts of Europe were identical because of evidences of similarities of many words. Aside from that, it was also believed that Sanskrit, the mature language of India which was much older than Greek or German, had preserved common features with that of ancient English language (Baugh & Cable, p. 18). It is easy therefore to presume that English is a by-product of the development of many languages in Europe which had only one origin.The Arrival of Celts in Britain English language was known as the language of English people, however, it was not the language spoken by earliest settlers of the lands historians believed that many races had come and their languages were not known and recorded in the history until the arrival of the Celts which had the trace of Old English language, and began the history of its development. The Celts were bronz e and iron-age inhabitants and when they reached Britain they pushed the earlier settlers into the remote corners of the nation through their mighty weapons.According to history, they arrived around 500 BC with language known for universe the first Indo-European tongue to be spoken in Britain. Celts and Celtic language as they say had very little contribution in the Old English, as they tried to trace some of those words. However, scholars believed that they influenced the grammatical structure of the language (Baugh & Cable, p. 82-83). At this far-flung advancement of English, many of those languages are no longer traced though, it is believed to be the first among the contributors of the English language development, however, its influence is no longer recognized today.Anglo-Saxon Settlements In the beginning, Old English was an assortment of group of dialect languages, reflecting the assorted beginning of the Anglo-Saxon world-beaterdoms of England. Anglo-Saxon was a group of different races with the Germanic people as the dominant among them who arrived in Britain during the 5th and 6th AD upon the invitation of the poof of Briton to help them against roman print invaders. This group had acquired influences of the Latin culture including language that after the collapse of Roman Empire in their country arrived in Britain to dress settlement also.According to Barbara Fennell, there was no written record about language use in Britain before the Anglo-Saxon trespass (Fennell, p. 55). There were indications that England was be for thousands of years prior to Anglo-Saxon invasion, with its known early inhabitants as the Celts or Scotts. The Romans did not have much linguistic contribution on the linguistics development, but the collapsed of the Empire paved the way for the settlement of Anglo-Saxon. The native Britons were either pushed into isolated and farthest areas or they adapted the Anglo-Saxons way of life.The Angli was actually a Germanic tribe which has been in Britain a couple of centuries prior to Roman invasion. These Anglo-Saxon spoke Germanic dialect which had some similarities with the original settlers, the Celts which eventually intermingle with them. Thus, Germanic tribes began arriving and settling in Kent. Not long when the Germans formed a dry land known in history as the Anglo-Saxon heptarchy. As these German tribes struggled for superiority, Kent, the main settlement, emerged as the dominating tribe which claimed sovereignty over all the kingdoms of the South.Barbara Fennel pointed out that they dominated largely because of the influence of centers of learning at Linchfarne. Subsequently, the kingdom was passed from King Egbert down to his grandson Alfred the Great, and on to King Edward the Confessor who became Rex Anglorum, which means King of the English in 1026 BC (Fennel, p. 57). The merging of Anglo-Saxon and Celtics had come to be known as the English people, and their language as the English langua ge. The Scandinavian InfluenceOf course, there had been more developments and significant contribution towards the linguistic development of the English language. But, ultimately, invasions and settlements had been the major factors for this development. The invasion of the Romans and the collapse of the Empire lay the ground for the settlement of Anglo-Saxon, duration the influx of more Germanic tribesmen overlay the founding of a new nation. In 787 to 850 AD, a new invasion and settlement had taken place the Scandinavian under King Guthrum invaded Britain which was under King Alfred.As the Danes were defeated by King Alfred, they withdrew from King Alfreds territory but remained in Britain. Eventually, he accepted Christianity and was baptized. The settlement of these people in England not only involved political and linguistic enculturation but also culture and religion which are essential in the development of language. The succeeding political assimilation that follows after the Scandinavian invasion as well as the intermarriages of political rulers had been instrumental in Anglo-Saxon Celtic people to be identified as an English people.Fennell said that King heat contents successor Richard II, was renowned as the lions heart who spoke little or no English at all, and spent only six months in total on English soil (p. 57). Fennels emphasis on speaking English and spending six months on English soil meant two things, the beginning of the English language and of the English country. The Linguistic Development during the pith Ages Middle Ages had been a very significant in the development of English languages after its assimilation during the merging of Anglo-Saxon and Celts.This period gave way to the advancement of the language in terms of words incorporation from other native languages specifically the Northern European and some Germanic tribes. This was also significant in the expansion of the language in its grammatical structure. Change in the Inf lectional Endings Inflectional endings are unstressed syllables at the ends of words of most of Old English language such as en in drunken. The rot of inflectional endings was attributed to the influence of Vikings in their language and at the same time, the Germanic language has a stress on the first syllable and not on endings.Some of those endings that were omitted were -a, -e, -u and an, which had been evenly reduced to -e, (pronounced ). Another alteration involved the loss of final -n after -e in unstressed syllables. For example, drinken, from Old English drincan to drink, became first of all drinke and then drink (Baugh and Cable, 1993, p. 155). Fennel had also observed these significant changes in the English language. She pointed out that the development of more fixed words order and the loss of inflections (p. 97), characterizes the Middle English.Further, she observed slight consonantal changes in such that certain voiced consonants became voiceless and other voiceless consonants became voiced (p. 97). The Noun and Adjectives Old English is also typified in terms of infection wherein they add letters to the end of the word to signify another meaning either from rummy to plural or gender differences. For instance, the singular stan, stanes and stane having its plural form of stanas, stana and stanum which according to Baugh and Cable, reduced to stan, stanes and stane.These changes have been observed in the Modern English. Old English was seen as having similarity with the Latin grammar which was more inflected. To note, Old English had four cases the nominative, accusative, genitive and dative cases that are emphasized by adding letter/s at the end of the word. For example, the singular neuter had an ending a, womanly had o, masculine had n. On the other hand, Latin had six cases such as nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative and ablative.This development in English language was obviously an influence of Roman in their language. Throu ghout the development process, especially coming into the Middle Ages, English language had survived its s plural form and the weak n form sound infrequent as in the case of oxen, brethren, children and oxen. Verb Form The Middle English had a grammatical rule similar to the Modern English. In general, the first mortal singular of the Middle English present tense verbs end in e, the second person had est, while the third person had eb.This is applied to strong verb, while in weak verbs, word endings used are ed(e), -d(e), or t(e). It was also commonplace in the Middle English the Object -Verb sequence whereas the Modern English follows the Verb-Object pattern for example then fell he down, which is contrast with todays grammar structure as then he fell down. (Fischer, p. 180-181) The infinitive to was also usual in Middle English which was later replaced by that. For instance, He commanded them that they should tie him up. (Fischer, p. 211)