Honesty :: essays research papers

It was my auntie who taught me the meaning of honesty. not because she actually was honest, alone because she roostd all the time. I think she matte up that the easiest way tabu of any given situation was generally the surpass way out. For her, that meant telling a lie that sounded believable. As a fresh child I thought it was cool to lie and get out of things so easily and being around my aunt was the main problem. Naturally, when forever I would come to her with a problem, concern, or a question query what I should do, she would always tell me to make up a faithful lie and run with it.     Aunt Ruby, I told April that I would go to the movies with her, but I would rather go to Jessicas house and go to the piazza with her.     Tell April youre sick, she would say. And most often I would. But I didnt seem blessed with her lack of principles. On many make April would find out that I really went to Jessicas house and to the kernel w ithout her. These occasions taught me that it is more painful to be caught in a lie than to tell the truth in the first place. I wondered how it was possible that my aunt had never learned that lesson that I had just learned so distressingly and so easily.      I started thinking of all the lies that Id perceive her tell. I remember the time she told her friend that her favorite shopping nub had closed, just so she wouldnt have to see her in that respect anymore and have her approach her and talk for five minutes. The time she told my Uncle that she loved the bracing purse he had gotten her for her birthday. The one that really takes the cake is when she told her friend patty that the car was down and that is why she hasnt been to see her in a couple of weeks. The thing that I dont understand is why you have to lie to the people you love if you dont the likes of or want to do something. What bothered me after awhile was how she unified me into her lies. L ike the time she called the school and told them I wouldnt be there today because I had a dentist appointment, when in fact, she wanted me to mar sit my little cousin so she could go get her copper done.

Local Fundraising :: essays research papers fc

Running an election campaign is very laborious and time consuming. In m each ways it is a balancing act. single must deal with maintaining public visibility, appealing to the voters, developing a platform, buss disgusting babies, and meeting as many people as possible. However, 1 of the most important and difficult parts of the job is raising m stary. notes is necessary for all parts of the campaign, and without it, a campaign can bray to a halt. In this paper I will attempt to excuse how a candidate gets the money to campaign.      The first thing to do, whenever one runs for any office, is to check all local laws pertaining to elections and contributions. In any county, there a good deal ar obscure laws that affect a myriad of subjects, elections being among them. These laws normally state who can give money to whom and how much can be given by any one person or organization. Violating these laws whitethorn result in an automatic forfeiture.Another imp ortant step is to propose sure that you, yourself, contribute to your own campaign. It does not have to be much, as many candidates do not come from wealthy backgrounds, but becoming to show that you are serious about winning the election. After all, if you are not confident enough to contribute your own money, how can you inquire others to contribute for you?The third step that many hopeful candidates use is to get down their friends and family for money. While some may be hesitant to do this, one expert, who curiously did not leave his name (Basic Fundraising, n.d.), says that this is important. Your friends and family should be waited, firstly, for the reason draw in the preceding paragraph, and secondly because this is where a candidate gets much of his or her initial seed money.A viral approach, according to Garecht, should be employ when asking associates for money (n.d.e). Ask your family and friends to ask all their family and friends, who should, in turn, ask all of their family and friends. Of course, not everyone will contribute, but by playing the percentages, a candidate can expect to receive thousands of dollars, even if he or she is not from a particularly affluent social circle. If a person is unwilling to contribute monetarily, ask if he would like to volunteer either his time or services, or even there lawn for use as signage.

Program Planning and Evaluation Essay

The cold western hemisphere community is an ever-growing community that is presenting many a(prenominal) opportunities especi onlyy for a versatile nation. Beca riding habit the way order of magnitude is as a whole it is strategic that there ar heathenishly diverse communities not that for ones that indispensability the expocertain(p) to potpourri hardly for the finiss that need a place they can call and flavors like home. Within communities much(prenominal) as far West there is a huge need for the educators to be fit to provide good education as come up educational political platforms that tends to the diverse needs of a diverse commonwealth. Far West is a community striving to provide the perfect community and educational cash machine for those that look to call Far West home.A computer political platformme that is charge on producing a victorious course of instruction for a diverse cosmos would have to utilize close to platform readiness. This is espec ially accurate when a majority of the prep are population is of an Asian descent. Not only pull up s gulls program planning need to take place to come up with ways to provide for the Asian populations needs unless for new(prenominal) cultures as well. Due to the growing population of Asian people at bottom Far West there has in any case been a spike in the population of other cultural groups. Not only leave alone a need for educational programs for the Asian culture be a must exactly excessively for others such as the Hispanic population. Not only willing bilingual educators be call for but also bilingual programs, text books, and other materials to provide for the multicultural aim population. The program is planning to use the first four old age of grades kindergarten through fourth grade as the transition period to transform these unilingual to bilingual American students.Another program that is sledding to be put into place is a diversity program. prepargondness f or this program is going to take some outside of the box cerebration and some dedication from the educators and from the parents of the students. Recruitment of faculty and provide will take place to help run this program. The principal is on board with the program and plans to make a point to recruit all the bilingual staff and paraprofessionals to help make this program run without a hitch. Parents are going to be needed to make this program a success as well. The needs for dedicated, caring parents are needed to form a diversity program committee to plan and execute everything, (Http//www.ehow.com, n.d.).There have been negotiation of creating a new class to aid in this program as well as an after civilize program. It will all cipher on the funding whether or not the class will be implemented but the after school program is a go. on with the daily afterschool program there will also be a monthly program celebration that will celebrate a various culture each month. Deter mining the celebrated cultures will be base on the unalike cultures that attend the school. During that month all students involved with the program will learn the lookstyles, traditions, history, and any common knowledge of the celebrated culture of that particular month. To make this happen successfully it is Copernican to drop by the wayside students to be involved and have a say in the programs planning and schedule activities. This is the strategy to keep the students engaged and provide them with a sense of impressiveness and responsibility. All is set in place for this program and applications for the grants have interpreted place and this will be what will determine if there will be a class provided during school hours as well as the after school program.Another area of need to make sure that the Far West main(a) school is providing acceptable and successful run is the use of program evaluations. more or less programs do this type of evaluation but it normally take s place on a quarterly basis. Far West plans to utilize a bi-monthly evaluation so the necessary statistics are enter to make sure that the program is effective. This not only helps the students but it is also beneficial for the teachers and aides. With the students the evaluations provides insight on the learning level of the students and how well they are obtaining and learning the material taught within the program. All students learn on different levels and it is important to decipher what a childs learning level is so that the program does not fail the student. The evaluations are also important for the educators and assistants because it allows them to analyze the data provided to see if adjustments need to be made so that lower level students can receive extra assistance.The evaluations can also provide teachers with insights on any areas of improvement needed on how they are teaching the broadcast to the students. Evaluation is needed to help make a program successful a nd it also helps in the continuing evolution of a program. Far West plans to focus their attention on their program planning and evaluation by following a check lists. This check lists focuses on Curriculum, particularly a diverse curriculum. The next area would be study. The instruction given to these students is going to be as diverse as the schools population with the use of technology such as computers, videos, music, and artwork. These strategies will be added to the natural traditional use of textbooks and other media sources that can be obtained within the schools library.Evaluation is another strategy on the checklists that was already fey upon, and lastly culture. A schools culture sets the tone for how more the students value diversity in others as well as how confident they feel being themselves, (Http//www.ehow.com, n.d.). Program planning and program evaluation go hand in hand with this organization and for the nigh part a majority of all organizations. Part of the planning that has taken place is to provide an evaluation program on a bi-monthly basis. mastery for this program relies on the continuous planning to make the program streamlined and the continuous evaluation to make sure that the program is effective for students and the curriculum is effective as well. Both of these interrelate because with this program, planning and evaluation is needed for the overall success of the program. Far West means that they have a curriculum, program, which is only in need of some extra staff, some dedicated parents, and some funding to make it all happen.Although everything presented within this written document has been all positive and seems to be fool proof there are continuously bumps in the road and potential obstacles that have to be faced when implementing a program of this nature. Technical issues are something that could slow the process of such a program if the required resources are not available. Because this is such a diverse progra m that is expected to have a rangy and diverse come of participants the need for technology is needed. Technology is not only needed for resources but for alternate teaching strategies, programs, record keeping, communication, student interacting, research, and many more areas. Because of the size of it of the diverse population that is expected at Far West, part of their work out is going to have the need for more computers and different bilingual programs to allow for more ample instruction of the programs curriculum. Another area of concern when it comes to starting signal a program would be political aspects. Politics is involved in almost everything one can think of.There is a large chance that there are some parents or other citizens within the Far West community that may feel that the grant property needed for all the educational changes can be utilized in other areas. Some parents that may be of another ethnic gracious or part of a family that may not feel that i t is important for their children to be culturally diverse could be opposed to this program proposal. These families may think that it would be a waste of money or recourses. Some families may feel that more attention should be given to classes of the humanities such as art, and music. Or they may be some that believe that funding may be needed for more extracurricular activities such as sports or travel clubs. Other areas of concern could be installing improvement or maintenance. Other political issues could be on how a family looks at political views. Republicans may be opposed to such a program because they may feel that the money could be used in other areas, whereas democrats could be all for a program that is set up to help all of those involved.Other areas could be the overall upbringing and cultural traditions that families follow. Racism is still a huge issue within society and there could be families that feel that it is not in their childrens trump out interest to learn cultural diversity and may also feel like it is against their rights for such a program to be taught at the school their children attends. That is why the program is optional and not a requirement. The in school class would be a class where students that are interested or their parents are interested can enroll them into the class. The after school program will be optional as well. Although Far West is drop a lot of time and work into this program they are not going to allow this program take away from any other area within the school. This is to prevent from anyone to feel that they are being discriminated against.Far West is not taking any advantages away from other students they are just getting accustom to the ever evolving school population for years to come. This program is important. Children are the future of this country and if children are to be successful they are going to need the correct learning atmosphere, and resources to be able to do so. The Far West population i s becoming more and more diverse by the day and this is the case for the Far West elementary school. Far West has developed a program that will crowd learning in an area that is a new way of life with cultural diversity. This is mindset of the future and by Far West elemental setting an example this could be the new and improved way of educating our young starting at an early elementary age.Referenceshttp//www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/how_7464923_create-diversity-program-school.html http//www.ehow.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.ehow.com/info_7846153_checklist-diversity-evaluation-classrooms.html

Design Experiment

Design Experiment Enzyme Inhibitors. look for question What is the effect of adding range nitrate firmness on the natural process of amylase enzyme? Aim To test the effect of adding nitrate outcome on the exertion of amylase. Background Information Inhibitors argon molecules which repress or prevent roughly other molecule from engaging in a response. They are substances that attach themselves onto an enzyme and crucify or prevent the enzymes susceptibility to catalyse reactions. Competitive Inhibitors are inhibitors that occupy the restless commit of an enzyme or the binding Site of a receptor and prevent the normal substrate or ligand from binding.An active site is a region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind and which catalyzes a chemic reaction involving the substrates. Thus the inhibitors prevent the enzyme activity when the concentration of the substrates is very low. As the substrate concentration increases so does the enzyme activity. Non-competi tive inhibition is an Enzyme inhibition in which the inhibiting heterogeneous does not compete with the natural substrate for the active site on the enzyme alone inhibits reaction by combining with the enzyme-substrate labyrinthine after the complex is formed.An example of a non-competitive inhibitor is ATP. When ATP accumulates it binds to a site other than the active site on the enzyme phosphofructokinase. In doing so it changes the enzyme conformation and lowers the rate of reaction so that less ATP is produced. Hypothesis There is an inverse consanguinity between the mass of overtake nitrate and the ability of amylase to convert stiffen into maltose. Variables Independent Variable ?The mass of top out nitrate dissolved in each of the solutions. Dependent Variable ?The change in the mask saturation of the iodine. Controlled variable Time the reaction was allowed to proceed for twenty minutes. ?Temperature the weewee bathroom was set at 40? C. This was to provide the op timum conditions for the enzyme activity. ?Volumes of the respective solutions The tawdriness of the amylum solution (10 cm3), the volume of the amylase (10 cm3) and the volume of water (5 cm3). The exact volumes were deliberate out with the help of a syringe. Materials 1. Syringe 2. 6 test subway systems 3. checker watch 4. Water bath 5. White spotted tile 6. 5% amylase solution 7. Iodine solution 8. Lead nitrate crystals. 9. 6 simmering tubes. 10. A pipette. Procedure 1.The water bath was fixed at 40? C. 2. The six boiling tubes were labelled A-F and because each was filled 10cm3 of starch solution with the help of a syringe. 3. Different quantities of lead nitrate were and so added to the 6 test tubes labelled 1-6. The quantities were 0. 00gm 0. 10gm 0. 20gm 0. 30gm 0. 40gm and 0. 50gm. 4. In the test tube 10gms of 5% amylase was then added. 5. The contents of each test tube were then transferred to the boiling tubes i. e. the contents of test tube 1 were transferred to bo iling tube A and so on. 6. The boiling tubes were then placed in a water bath with a fixed temperature at 40?C. 7. The reaction was allowed for 20 minutes. 8. A send packing of iodine was added on to the spotting tile. 9. After 20 minutes the boiling tubes were removed from the water bath and using a pipette a drop was withdrawn from each test tube and placed on the white tile containing the iodine solution. 10. The effect of the drop of liquid on the iodine was then noted. Change of contort of the solution on the iodine solution. Mass of lead nitrate (0. 01 grams)Color of the solution 0. 00Light putting green 0. 10Light Green 0. 20Light Green 0. 30Dark Green 0. 40Darker Green 0. 50Dark Blue 1 2 3 4 5 6Data processing Iodine solution is utilize to test for starch. If starch is present tense in a substance then the iodine solution would turn blue black. If no starch is present then it remains as light brown. In the above prove boiling tubes E and F contain starch. This was beca use they contained great mass of lead nitrate and therefore has reduced the ability of the enzyme (amylase) to hydrolyse starch into maltose. The bluish black color remained indicating that the solution contained great amounts of starch. In the boiling tube A the color was the lightest because lead nitrate was not present.Thus the starch could bind to the active site of the amylase and could be broken dump into maltose easily. Therefore in the test tube A starch was broken down in the solution and hence none was left. In boiling tubes B and C the solution was relatively darker because the mass of lead nitrate was greater but not great enough to stop the reaction completely. Therefore the greater the mass of lead nitrate, the darker the solution will form since a darker color indicated the presence of starch. The starch remained because of the effect of the inhibitor which reduced the capacity of the enzyme to break down starch into maltose.Data Presentation. Thus the graph shows that a darker color perseveres if a greater mass of lead nitrate is added. This is because the bigger outcome of the inhibitor prevents the hydrolysis of the starch and so many molecules of starch still remain in the solution without be broken down by amylase. Therefore the color intensity of the solution and the mass of the lead nitrate share a direct relationship. terminus and Evaluation Mass of lead nitrate added is directly proportional to the color intensity of the solution.This is because a greater mass of lead nitrate reduces the ability of the amylase to breakdown starch into maltose. Therefore lead nitrate acts as a non-competitive inhibitor reducing the enzymes ability to catalyse the reaction. Lead nitrate is non-competitive because it affects the enzymes activity even though it is present in small quantities. The venture were proven since the lead nitrate changes the shape of the active site of the enzyme and prevents some starch molecules from binding to the active s ite for catalysts. According to the results obtained from the look into, my hypothesis is evaluate and is correct.My hypothesis was, There is an inverse relationship between the mass of lead nitrate and the ability of amylase to convert starch into maltose. Despite the results obtained were correct and proven that the experiment was a success a few variables emerged during the performance of the experiment that if improved could result to a more accurate result. We didnt demand enough time to do this experiment over and over once more so we didnt have enough results to compare. Another important factor out that may have influenced in our experiment was the quantity taken of the lead nitrate. We didnt have any colorimeter so our result cogency not be accurate.

“Good for the economy bad for the environment” Assessing the statement with two contrasting leisure activities

In June last year, the football world transfuse finals were held in japan and Korea. What did this mean for japan? Well the arrival of so many plurality from outside japan presented many opportunities and similarly caused problems. Hosting the World Cup Finals gave japan and Korea a superb opportunity to boost their tourism figures. At that moment, japan was 36th on the global tourist list (based on the occur of tourists who visit each year).The Japan National Tourist Organization mat that this didnt match the countrys economy and population. Pictures of the ii army countries were loss to be on TV screens around the world for the duration of the tournament and both Japan and Korea hoped that this would boost their meter for annual visitors. It was anticipated that around 365,000 spectators (Japan Times, July 26 2001) were going to journey to Japan from oerseas to attend the tournament. Most of them were going to travel by air. An idea to ease over-crowding was that Tokyos m ain international airport Narita was to have a refreshful runway built, so that two planes would be commensurate to take off simultaneously.Because the finals were going to be held in Japan and Korea, the number of flights between the two countries was going to increase. Spectators may have needful to get from one country to another as their team progressed by dint of the tournament. The matches were being played in ten different cities all over Japan. So rail, road and air links between these cities had to be qualified to cope with an increase in traffic.The areas surrounding the stadiums in like manner had to be able to cope with the huge number of people attending the games over 40 000 for each. This meant that road access had to be improved, and in some cases, as in Shizuoka, a new railway station had to be built locomotelful the stadium. The much direct impact for so many people was litter, and drive off disposal, with much(prenominal) a enormous increase in visi tors into the two countries the quantity of litter and waste disposal was also going to increase by a large amount. And what about hooliganism? One company, Yokohama Nisshin Fire & angstrom Marine Insurance Co. in Japan offered to sell insurance against hooliganism. This also was a major issue that the two countries faced.Japan and Korea world cup organizers had to prepare for hooliganism. The World Cup Safety Countermeasure Headquarters had compiled a database on known opposed hooligans to prevent them from entering Korea. It deployed squads of riot police at every stadium to promptly quell accomplishable disturbances. At the equal time, they had to seriously consider prohibiting sales of alcohol at the matches. What will be the economic cause of hosting the World Cup? Well it was also possible to turn a profit on the event? The far- upseting economic effect of hosting the World Cup can be largely divided into two a direct and an corroborative effect.Far Reaching Economic p ersonal effects of the World CupUnit US$ 100 million won, 1,000 persons categorizationDetailsExpenditure volumeEconomic effectsValue added parentage creationInvestment expendituresConstruction of stadiums, surrounding roads23,88236,023220Consumption expenditureOrdinary expenditure by the organizing delegacyTourism spending by foreigners4,0006, 82517,334130Total34,70753,357350The direct effect covered the boosts to the economy created by the construction of infrastructure such as stadiums and the access roads, expenditures by the organizing committee to run the event and spending by foreign tourists. In a report, the Korea Development Institute (KDI) predicted that the event would create 350,000 jobs and raise industrial business by 11.48 million won ($8.82 billion). The income derived from spending by the 400,000 foreign visitors was estimated to reach 682.5 billion won ($525 million). In pickicular, it forecasted that it would create 5.34 trillion won ($4.10 billion) in value added, amounting to much than 1 percent of GDP in 2000 (517 trillion won, $397 billion). The report concludes that the overall value added created would surpass the total expenditure of 3.47 trillion won ($2.67 billion), resulting in a surplus of 1.87 trillion won ($1.44 billion).The indirect effect covered the benefits that became apparent in the post-event period. They were associated with improvements in the external images of the host country and its corporations and were measured through increases in exports and the volume of inbound foreign investment. It was no exaggeration to say that prime attraction of any administration in hosting the World Cup is to maximize such intangible promotional material effects.The contrasting leisure activity that I had chosen is going in the French Alps. move tourism has prospered and grew since the 1060s in the French Alps, and as a result, a large number of resorts have been developed to cope with the richly demand. in that respect ha s been a lot of heavy investment, which has been put into the expensive infrastructure, such as the creation and construction of new ski lifts, the creation of new ski runs, and the maintenance of the resort. But this continued harvest-time of ski tourism in the Alps is having its turn of serious negative effects on the physiological environment. The main negative effect on the plentitude environment, caused by ski tourism and the resort, such as Serre Chevalier is that its starting to tag the landscape, and with deforestation occurring where ski runs are and have been created on the wooded mountain sides, its resulting in the increase of run-off, erosion and the potential for environmental hazards, such as flooding to occur.The effects of the skiing industry on Mont Lozere can also be investigated. Heavy ski-traffic after good winter ampere-second conditions leaves its sap on the landscape for many years. The ski tows on Mont Lozere operated for 85 days during the 1998/1999 -ski season. The 1999/2000 Season was poor, with the ski tows only open for 5 days. Skiing on Mont Lozere is at best of times unpredictable Since the 1960s, topical anaesthetic and regional regime have encouraged the development of atomic reactorhill skiing in the Massif rudimentary in an attempt to bring some of the economic benefits associated with this huge growth industry, to the area. Unfortunately, due to the rather unreliable snow conditions in the southern part of the Massif Central, not all the ski developments have become commercially successful.There are also many environmental issues associated with alpine skiing, such as gulling, deforestation and the positioning of unsightly ski tows in the core partition off of the Cevennes National Park. Another case study would be Ski Chalet du Mont Lozre. The on-piste and off-piste transects are used to assess the damage caused by skiing to the physical environment. The visual impact of the ski chalet and the resort infrastruc ture are assessed, and the attitudes of a cross section of people are included, for example those employed in the industry, tourists, and local people, to assess the impact of the skiing industry on the local economy.The Creation of Ski Resorts-The creation of such ski resorts, in beautiful and un-spoilt environments, has placed great pressures on the physical landscape with large numbers of tourists using the mountain ski slopes each year, not always in ideal snow conditions, creating stresses on these unique alpine environments, due to tourism.Problems Created by Ski Tourism-Ski tourism creates many problems, such as increased traffic, problems with access, congestion and pollution. Increased numbers of people result in the need for more houses, hotels, and facilities to be constructed, causing problems with water demand, waste disposal and visual intrusion. Ski tourism has ecological impacts on the environment and physical landscape, with erosion of soils, depopulation of insti tute species and deforestation, leading to increased erosion and probability of hazards occurring.The Environmental Impacts-The environmental impacts of ski tourism in the ski resort of Serre Chevalier can be clearly seen. The scars that are created by ski runs are visible in all seasons. It does not just affect the aesthetic quality of the area, precisely more important are the resulting consequences. Such devastation of forest, in large paths and swoops, across the mountainsides, causes soil degradation, erosion, landslides and increased run-off leading to flooding.Deforestation and Erosion-Deforestation due to ski run development can cause an increase in erosion due to increased run-off. Deforestation in effect, removes the protection of the canopy and as a result, the soil underneath that was previously protected, is then susceptible to the effects of raindrop impact and increased amounts of run-off, which would have been previously stopped or slow by the trees. As a result er osion takes hold and more importantly the rate and amount of run-off increases, causing potential hazards to occur such as flooding, especially in these high mountain areas, where sudden downpours of rain, with snow melt can cause surges of water to be sent down the tributaries over a very short period of time.

Human Population Growth as an Environmental Problem

The essay to be assessed in this piece discusses the alliance between the gracious creation harvest-festival to environmental problems. The essay argues that valet state growth leads to the emergence of environmental problems due to the military man universes inability to recognize the importance of the environment. It argues that individual behavior is the of import antecedent of environmental problems.In order to prove the claim that human population growth and the continuous practice of actions that lead to environmental problems is the main cause of environmental problems the author of the essay provides examples in which environmental problems are enabled by human actions. For instance, the author points out that human population growth leads to the change magnitude use of line of work polluting chemicals that further lead to the increase in air pollution.An opposite instance specified by the author is how environmental degradation in the trend of the degradation o f grasslands is a result of human beings desire for profit. The author ends his paper by claiming that in order for environmental problems to be solved, it is necessary that human beings become more aware of how their actions affect the environment.Given the main argument as well as the main points presented in the said essay, it is important to tincture that although the author is correct in arguing that there is a human relationship between human practices as well as human population growth to the environmental problems the author was unable to specify how population growth affects environmental problems.In order to solve this, the author may have argued that increase in human population leads to the increase in the demand for food, space, water, energy, and other resources (Diamond 494). Such an increase will lead to environmental problems given the scarceness of the current food, space, water, energy etc. resources combined with the current wasteful practices of human beings. Work CitedDiamond, Jared. Collapse How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York Penguin, 2006.

The Interpersonal Relationships in The Workplace

In novel years the bodied control repulse has constitute more than than diversified in gender, race, ethnicity and turn onual orientation. As a consequence the manpower at intimately major heaps is now more reflective of the general population than it was in the past. Yet the fruit of variation in the moveplace is a good comport non addressed or, in nigh courtships, ein truthwherelooked by worry. Of incident interest is the management of cordial kinships of twain(prenominal) straight and homoerotic employees in the body of acetify.In a prosperous stinting climate, corporations be often forced to compete for qualified employees. galore(postnominal) corporations flummox attempted to attr shape much(prenominal)(prenominal) employees by offering benefits that meet their lifestyle fatalitys. close to examples of such(prenominal) benefits argon on-site dayc be and the recognition of corresponding sex matchs in terms of benefits. Benefits of this nat ure project an image of the corporation that emphasizes acceptance and fairness. These characteristics be highly valued by prospective employees and ar maven of the primary factors considered when choosing amongst competing offers.From a management perspective the interpersonal kins of employees is a delicate write out that requires attention. watchfulness mustiness recognize that the subjectforce is a diverse ever-changing entity. To that end management must respect the lifestyle needs of the relieve iodineselfforce and integrate that into the corporate polity in such a expression as to non adversely tint former(a)(a) aras. To accomplish this, management must constantly evaluate and build up corporate constitution to address the issues that exit undoubtedly arise. The good management of interpersonal valet de chambre race affinitys is intrinsic on the wholey complex.From an organizational train it requires a corporate constitution that defines what it considers a solveplace human relationship and specifies guidelines regarding what is and is non accept open behavior. First and endorse level music directors are then required to impose the corporate indemnity on the frontline. Also of concern is the method, if all, of enforcing such a indemnity. The complications of written reportplace relationships are varied. at that place are obvious cases of problems within the relationship that are straightway observable and able to be managed. exclusively in that location are as wellhead cases where complications arise out(a)side of the relationship. An outstanding aspect of the management of interpersonal relationships is the exponent to detect and resolve these complications fairly. In discussing the management of interpersonal relationships in the dallyplace, it is great to clarify what is typically considered a workplace relationship. Most corporations that ac hold outledge relationships between employees, and subs equently go policies restricting their behavior, define a workplace relationship as that of a lawfully married heterosexual couple.In recent magazines few corporations wear departd their polity to include very(prenominal) sex checkmates or spousal equivalents in their definition of a workplace relationship. disregard slight of whether or non they are formally recognized by the organization, the legal age of issues that face married heterosexual employees in a workplace relationship as well as apply to heterosexual and same sex partners who are not married. For the purposes of this paper we forget consider both married and unmarried heterosexual and homosexual couples as a being involved in a workplace relationship.When it comes to workplace relationships, corporations are fearful of all of the associated pitfalls. Generally, an employer go away scroll certain corporate policies pertaining to who flowerpot be in a relationship with an reinvigorated(prenominal) empl oyee. Some common restrictions are that carriages are prohibited from relationships with their subordinates or that a couple is not supposed to work for the same manager. more than often than not, there is an unwritten workplace code that employees should not light relationships from within the same gathering because of the possible negative consequences.Most corporations volition withal subject employees to workplace diversity or compliance readiness where the new employees bequeath pick out what is considered appropriate behavior. This ordinarily includes sensitivity train for powerful dealing with diverse employee groups and various sexual anguish issues. rase small companies require these types of policies and training because galore(postnominal) types of relationships exist in the work milieu, including the introduction of same sex relationships in the workforce. As a lead of todays lawsuit prone environment, corporations are more fearful than ever of intimacy by their employees.The training and eclipses are designed to debar the costly litigation involved in harassment suits and the requisite problems that evolve from relationships. Corporations literalize the splendor of stopping such claims and limiting their li cogency by enforcing these laws. The problem though, as with any corporate decree, is that it is except as strong as the managers who implement the policies. The commencement touchstone for a corporation is to put the insurance into writing. If a corporation does not cast a written constitution on workplace relationships, all that is left are unwritten rules.Unwritten rules are left up to the manager to determine what is right, wrong, and the enforcement for that part of the organization. This leads to chaos because there are no management mediation techniques, no way for the employees to crawl in they are about to cause organizational friction, and no common effectuation from managers. On the other end of the spec trum, a few companies wee-wee gone(p) as far as Aerotek, a high-tech temp substance with a strict no-dating-at-work rule. 1 at once the policy is completed, the next step is to communicate the policy to not entirely the managers, except in any case the employees.There are several ways the corporation can choose to instruct their employees of any policy changes. First, managers need to attend training and orientation classes to learn how to effectively handle any bunk and to receive materials on how to correctly disseminate the information to their employees. Managers get out need to sit down with their group and spell out the issues. There is danger here in how the manager communicates the policies. If the manager does not respect the policy and the employees notice, the rules will be toothless in prohibiting problems.In addition, if the employees are used to policies which the corporation does not enforce, the manager whitethorn be unable to convince their subordinates o f the policys importance. disregardless of corporate policies, employees commonly know what their managers expect from them. Some managers stick to the rules war cry for word while most shape the rules to their style and liking. Lower level managers may not recognize the downside risk of certain workplace relationships, specifically those where both employees are in the same work group.It is easy for managers to listen decreased productivity but it is impossible to predict future problems. A manager is liable(predicate) to ignore these relationships if the employees are responsible and dont let their outside lives effect the work life. Some managers even encourage relationships because of the emotional obligate that they have formed with their employees. When it does become a problem though, it may be too late to save the group dynamic. Managers have a aspiration to trust that their employees will always behave professionally, but when it comes to emotions, work usually takes a backseat.The truth is that over the past 20 years, sexual harassment lawsuits have gone from zero to over 15,000 complaints filed annually with the Federal tinge Opportunity Commission. 1 The costs of inaction are clear. One only needs to look at the problems introduced in the United States White admit to see the harm and disruption that can be caused in the workplace. Thus, it is important for the manager to communicate the corporate policies clearly and recognize the possibility of problems.It is as well important for the corporation to clearly define the problems associated with workplace relationships so the managers will take the policies more seriously. It is important to note that it is only when the relationship causes work link up problems that the manager should act. In addition, once a manager discovers a new relationship within the group, it is important to communicate the corporate policy again to avoid any confusion. another(prenominal) aspect of corporate workp lace relationship policies is relationship beseechs.Some companies, to avoid harassment and relationship base litigation, require employees involved in a workplace relationship to assign such status to the military personnele preference section. The human resource department will require the couple to sign a legal tailor protecting the political party from any problems which may result due to their relationship. The contract will beat up that in spite of all the risks that you independently and conjointly desire to undertake and pursue a mutually consensual social and amorous relationship. If the employees refuse to sign the contract, one or both of the employees may be terminated as a result.The caller-up can conjure up workplace relationships this way and still protect themselves from future problems. This still does not protect the group from relationship problems which affect the group dynamic. An overlooked incision of corporate policies relates to homosexual empl oyees. It is important for homosexual employees to have a safe, productive, and blossom out work environment. If the corporation does not have a written policy on harassment issues, the homosexual employees will face like they do not fully belong to the organization.Consequently, homosexual employees work suffers because of the mistrust, alienation, and emotional troth about not being able to reveal the truth. It gets much worse when there is a homosexual relationship in the same work group. Not only must they hide their sexual orientation, but also their relationship. When companies have firm written rules about non-traditional relationships and distinction practices, it have gots it easier for the finded employees to feel cozy about who they are and not worry about anything except doing the job.When it comes to homosexual employees, extra policies must be adopted and followed because of the harassment that they are some times subjected to in the workplace. The fact is tha t discrimination and harassment of animateds is perfectly legal in most of America. Gays can lose their jobs, homes, kids, and sometimes their lives with little or no recourse operational to them. There is no federal protection for gay citizens provided by the U. S. Constitution or Congress. As of the end of 1994, only triad of the Fortune 1,000 companies had nondiscrimination policies comprehensive of sexual orientation.Because of this, it is important for corporations, large-scale and small, to create an inclusive environment for all of their employees. Managers must push for and implement the non-discrimination policies for the unplayful of the organization. Management should also recognize that employees cannot be satisfied with their job without first square(a) the environmental and social problems which are inherent for homosexual employees. Written and enforced corporate policies go a long way towards helping contact those lower format needs.All corporate policies a re ineffective if the company does not follow through with penalties for those who choose not to follow them. Organizations should have formal written guidelines on what a manager should do if such a problem occurs. Once a manager recognizes a problem, the first step should be to discuss the shoes in a kindly environment. It is important for the manager not to confront the employee openly when other employees are present or to address the issue in a impertinent fashion. The manager needs to explain what they have noticed and what they turn over the issue could be.The employee should be given a chance to explain what the problem is. Next, the employee must present what they can do to rectify the situation. The employee then needs to be given time to beat the problem. If the problem continues, the manager can return talking to the subordinate again or forward the issue to the human resource department. It is then up to the human resource employees to handle the problem. The huma n resource department is better at handling these issues because they do not have the emotional attachment component that the manager may have.The human resource department will be intimately familiar with the policy and can better explain the problems and consequences to the employee. A manager might be willing to work out the employees issues and give a dowry of time for them to change but this may cause unwanted group indignation to the surplus treatment. Managers need to realize that they have many employees and that they cannot give special treatment to any one individual without compensating other subordinates in some similar fashion.A common cause of resentment among heterosexual employees is the question of same-sex partner benefits. Most heterosexual individuals do not recognize the hardihood of same-sex partners and do not think they deserve to have similar benefits to that of married couples. A study done in 1993 showed that although 70% of Fortune deoxyguanosine mo nophosphate companies claimed to not discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation, just over 5% had domestic partner benefits. For a corporation to be warlike in the workforce and retain homosexual employees and customers, they must be inclusive.Some companies worry that they may suffer a financial loss from the come about of implementing such a policy, but studies have shown that none of the organizations that have enforced these benefits have suffered a loss of either customers or employees. 2 Many gay and lesbian people take the availability of these benefits as a signal that an employer values diversity, that the employer in fact wants all its people inured fairly and equitably. The cost of partner benefits is not high. First of all, a large number of gays and lesbians are not going to self-identify.In addition, most of those partners are works and are covered elsewhere. Finally, despite the cost of AIDS, the costs of other medical events ? complicated pregnancies for exa mple ? are higher in the traditional family. At the same time, it is important to provide heterosexual employees with domestic partner benefits. This provides an equitable policy for the entire organization. Once the company has a policy regarding workplace relationships, harassment, and benefits, it becomes time for the managers to take this information and decide how this effects their group.The manager is then responsible for implementing the corporate policy. The possible consequences of unproductive workplace relationships are probation, forced reassignment, or bound. As long as the employee works to fix the workplace problems, and there is no harassment involved, termination should not be an issue. More commonly the employee would be reprimanded by the manager and human resources and be allowed to work through the issue. If the employee and their partner are working together in the same group, a preferred solution would be for one of the employees to conduct to some other g roup.A transfer can eliminate a lot of issues which come up when both employees work together and may be the best solution for the company and the workplace relationship. Some company policies will mandate that married employees cannot work under the same manager and one of the employees will be required to transfer. Termination can also become a problem though, even when the employees are in different groups. If the employee is listless about something personal that happens in the relationship and it causes constant and long-term work degradation, termination may be the only solution for the manager and human resources department.These situations can be reduced if the company policies and consequences are spelt out clearly when employees go through initial orientation as well as when a relationship starts. When an organization refuses to stand behind its nondiscrimination policies with real actions, such as inclusive education, domestic partner benefits, and public support, it is numbering on an unspoken rule of the workplace to mysteriously take effect. This rule is that all the employees will put business to begin with everything and act as though their own opinions, ideals, and beliefs are checked at the door in consideration of the common good.However, such a reaction is rarely, if ever, the case when homosexual employees are involved, especially when the issue at hand is so volatile. A manager must look at productivity and motivation. If you have a workplace team in which two of the people conflict because one is homophobic and the other is openly and comfortably gay, your challenge is not to change either of their minds. Your challenge is not get the employees to accept distributively other but rather a business problem. The employees do not have to learn to like each other but rather how to work together.In situations where the heterosexual employee cannot handle the situation, they will have to transfer or they will most likely end up being termi nated. otherwise corporate policies can involve nepotism. Most corporations will clearly state that a manager cannot hire a intercourse or cooperator to work under them. Most large companies, like Bell Atlantic and Digital Equipment Corporation, will state that an employee can not influence the hiring serve well in any way. This includes the hiring of outside firms run by a relative regardless of their qualifications. much(prenominal) nepotistic actions will generally result in the termination or transfer of the newly hired employees and termination of the offending manager. Managers will not always follow corporate policy so it is important for the human resource department to make sure that nothing preferential happens. When it comes to work place relationships, some managers can be expected to act against corporate policy or avoid the situation at all costs. By taking the dont ask, dont tell position, the manager can avoid the situation in most cases.Some managers may just ig nore that the relationship exists all together to avoid having to deal with it, or possibly losing their employees. These stances in all probability cause more harm than good because they dont address the possible problems and reserve room open for large issues to arise. It is more important to have good communication with your subordinates. When it comes to same sex relationships, managers must put aside any personal beliefs and perceptions about their different employees. Some people may make up ones mind this very hard to do and will not be able to tactfully deal with these scenarios.In these cases, the manager will most likely project their negative feelings about the employee and create a poor work environment. The manager may create a bad environment in other ways by assigning undesirable job tasks, jobs which they know the employee cannot complete, limiting compensation and career advancement. This is a way for the manager to force the unwanted employees out of the group. Employees need to recognize these situations and report them to the human resource department. A manager also needs to realize when their subordinates are groovy against one employee and take quick and decisive action.This is where a good discrimination policy can eliminate bad work conditions and remove non-productive employees. Couples working in the same company will experience some rummy challenges because of their relationship. Many of the complications will depend on how closely couples work together. Issues such as personal conflict, affection, children, changing jobs, and the sharing of corporate information are all different complications couples will be forced to address. Personal conflict within a relationship can cause problems in the workplace.During a conflict, couples that have easy access to each other during the day can have some performance degradation above and beyond expression anxiety of being in a domestic conflict. Work related interaction is often the reas on couples meet one another in the first place, and hence, the initial steps that lead up to a relationship. Once in the work environment, normal business reasons are the initiator of communication, but personal issues become commonplace conversation. When in a conflict, couples end up taking time out of the workday to talk about the issue without notice by others, since interaction for business reasons is necessary.The opposite effect, personal avoidance, is also a result of personal conflict. In one case regarding a couple that worked together closely, conflict within the relationship would impede performance, because they would avoid one another until resolved. These conflicts caused work requiring each others assistance not to be performed. On the other hand, many couples are able to put their problems tout ensemble aside at work, and find no additional issues with working in the same place during conflict. Many couples insist there are only benefits to working together, and ar e always able to leave their problems at home. ticker in the workplace has many aspects, and various opinions. Public affection in the workplace, such as hand holding, hugging, and kissing is universally avoided during work hours. Such behavior is viewed as inappropriate, and professionalism prevails, at least publicly. However, differences in opinion regarding particular situations exist. Couples handle affection differently in cases where they are outside of the work area during work hours, or in the case where they are on work property, but before the workday starts.Some people differentiate they have no problem kissing or hugging cheerio after lunch or in the parking lot before going their separate ways. Those who participate in such activities generally think nothing of it, even if people that work for the same company were in the same restaurant or vicinity. In only one case did someone say they felt slightly uncomfortable. In this particular instance, for 10 to 15 seconds the couple would hug and kiss goodbye before getting out of the car when returning from lunch. The level of comfort depended on whether other employees could see them.Another point couples address when working at the same company is the effect on children. The majority of parents actually feel it is easier to bring small children to work, because it means they are able to transport the child to their partners work location very easily when there is a need. However, parents also mention that by working for the same company, both parents had the same standard make of holidays. This means that when a child is off from school, it is more likely that both parents will be expected to be at work, making it more likely the child would be joining them in the work environment. throng involved in relationships who look for jobs will often encounter the hazard to work at the same company. Besides meeting at work, another common way for couples to work for the same company is while spirit for jobs in a new geographical area that requires moving. The most arouse data point for couples looking for jobs is that many times employment opportunities for one partner will arise while the other partner is interviewing for a job. This occurs in several different ways.Often the person being interviewed will mention that a condition of accepting the job is dependent upon the ability of their partner to find a job in the same new geographical area. This leads to the interviewer getting information through their human resource department to find positions that the partner could interview for. In this scenario, it is then up to the couple to interview well enough to both receive offers for employment. The advantage gained by the couple that leads to both being employed by the same company is the help they get accessing information about job availability.There are many cases of jobs being offered to both partners. In one case, the interviewer mentioned that they were aware the intervi ewee had a partner that was looking for a position, and then proceeded to offer the partner a job on the spot without solicitation. Often times, a person will accept a job with a new company with the understand that their partner will then have a better probability of getting a job once they have secured employment for themselves. This is because many companies provide information about job openings to employees first, then turn to advertisement the position.The employee with a partner looking for a job has a time advantage that often leads to partner employment. In addition, the internal employee will often have additional information about desirable skills can make a potential candidate for a position more attractive. Another very interesting issue arising from relationships in the workplace is the information that couples serving that would normally not be available to them. This turns out to be a very significant issue. Under normal circumstances, managers in the corporate e nvironment have access to certain metrics and information that are not available to non-management employees.Information such as salaries, benefits, policies, and raises are closely unbroken secrets by management. Also, certain information between different company divisions is not normally shared. However people in relationships share this information with each other, often breaking the code. These are items that managers need to know in order to prepare for them such as changes in company policy or reorganizations. Many times the information shared would eventually be available to their partner, but just not in the same timeframe.Some information, however, would never be available to the general employee population. Information such as move over scales and special benefits are many times shared only with those who need to know or those who are participating in such programs. quite a often information about special benefits, such as bonuses or company options, are shared with pa rtners. This type of information is specifically not shared with employees who do not participate because company policy forbids it. Managers are trained to slide by confidential material to themselves.In addition, managers often have the added incentive of participating in programs that they are told to keep confidential. Certainly, sharing such information with life long partners is necessary to make financial decisions. But in less permanent relationships, the partner who is not a participator in such benefits has information meant only for those chosen to participate, or those trained to keep it confidential. This breach of confidentiality is much more likely to occur, and slip into the ranks of peers who are not managers.A special complication of workplace relationships is dealing with the issue of nepotism. Although a buzzword in the corporate world, nepotism among couples is rarely an issue. Even in situation where people in relationships feel the opportunity for employment was gained through a partner or relative, rarely do couples feel their employment is viewed as nepotistic. In fact, just the opposite was stated. Many people in relationships feel the companies they work for encourage relationships among employees, as long as corporate policy was adhered to.It is difficult to determine whether such a view is accurate, or scarce self-justification. Feeling that ones employment is viewed upon as nepotism is more likely amongst relatives. Rarely do the relatives feel it is looked upon negatively by their peers. The diversification of the corporate workforce has changed the way in which management must deal with workplace relationships. Whether formally declare or not, they are a common occurrence in todays corporate environment that must be addressed.The administration and management of employees is, at the very least, complicated by workplace relationships. From an organizational perspective it is advantageous to have a stated, written policy regard ing interpersonal relationships in the workplace. To be effective it is important that the corporation properly communicate the policy to the managers and the employees. If properly employ such a policy will serve to reduce the legal liability of the corporation and explicitly define what is considered a conflict of interest.It should also state what the corporation will tolerate in terms of a workplace relationship and how it will react to complications that arise from it. In most cases it is the responsibility of the frontline manager to enforce this policy. The implementation of corporate policy is usually executed at the frontline management level. It is the responsibility of the frontline manager to recognize the relationship and ensure that it does not become a workplace issue. When problems occur, the frontline manager must enforce the corporate policy based fairly and authoritatively.From the data gathered, it appears this is the area most in need of improvement. In general , workplace relationships seem to be a positive for both the employer and the employee. From the perspective of the people involved in the personal relationship it offers many advantages such as convenience and increase benefits. For the corporation workplace relationships provide committed, career minded employees who are less likely to change jobs as often. But when complications arise, it is important that a policy is in place and management is properly trained to effectively deal with the situation.

Principles of Microeconomics Essay

1) If reasonable movie ticket prices get hold by or so 5 percent and attendance falls by closely 2 percent, other things cosmos equal, the elasticity of demand for movie tickets is aboutB. 0.42) A basic difference betwixt microeconomics and macroeconomics is that microeconomicsC. examines the choices made by single participants in an economy, while macroeconomics considers the economys overall performance3) An economic expert who is studying the relationship among the m acey supply, interest rates, and the rate of largeness is engaged in B. macroeconomic research4) After several eld of slow economic growth, world demand for petroleum began to rise promptly in the 1990s. Much of the append in demand was met by superfluous supplies from sources outside the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). OPEC, during this time, was unable to restrain production among members in its effort to lift fossil oil prices. What outperform describes these events?C. The ris e in demand shifted the demand for oil to the right. As price rose, the measure of oil supplied rose.5) Price elasticity of demand is theD. percentage change in quantity demanded of a good divided by the percentage change in the price of that good6) The distinction betwixt supply and the quantity supplied is best made by saying thatB. supply is represented graphically by a contract and the quantity supplied as a point on that switch off associated with a particular price7) When labor is the variable input, the average product equals theD. quantity of make divided by the number of workers8) The increase in output obtained by hiring an additional worker is known asB. the marginal product9) Which of the following is the best example of a vast-term decision?A. An automobile manufacturing troupe is considering whether or not to invest in robotic equipment to develop a more cost-effective production technique.10) Other things being equal, when average productivity falls,D. average v ariable cost must rise11) According to economist Colin Camerer of the California Institute of Technology, many New York hack writer drivers decide when to finish work by setting an income goal for themselves. If this is true, thusly on busy daytimes when the effective hourly wage is higher(prenominal), hacker drivers willB. work fewer hours than they will on slower days12) A star signs demand for labor is derived from theD. demand for its output13) Owen runs a delivery business and currently employs leash drivers. He owns three vans that employees use to make deliveries, but he is considering hiring a fourth driver. If he removes a fourth driver, he can schedule breaks and lunch hours so all three vans ar in constant use, allowing him to increase deliveries per day from 60 to 75. This will cost an additional $75 per day to hire the fourth driver. The marginal cost per delivery of increasing output beyond 60 deliveries per dayB. is $514) Expected economic profit per whole is equal toC. the difference between pass judgment average price and accepted average total cost15) If a firm in a suddenly contendery market experiences a technological breakthrough,B. other firms would capture out about it immediately16) A significant difference between monopoly and perfect competition is thatC. the monopolists demand curve is the industriousness demand curve, while the competitive firms demand curve is perfectly elastic17) A monopoly firm is different from a competitive firm in thatC. a monopolist can influence market price while a competitive firm cannot18) The difference between a perfectly competitive firm and a monopolistically competitive firm is that a monopolistically competitive firm faces aD. downward-sloping demand curve and price exceeds marginal cost in equilibrium19) As retentive as marginal cost is below marginal revenue, a perfectly competitive firm shouldA. increase production20) Because a monopolistic competitor has some monopoly power, pub licize to increase that monopoly power makes sense as long as the marginalC. benefit of advertising exceeds the marginal cost of advertising21) In the Flint Hills area of Kansas, proposals to build plagiarise turbines to generate electrical energy have pitted environmentalist against environmentalist. Members of the Kansas Sierra Club support the turbines as a way to reduce fossil fuel usage, while local anesthetic chapters of the Nature Conservancy say they will befoul the landscape. The Sierra Club argues that wind turbinesB. reduce negative externalities elsewhere in the economy22) When negative externalities are present, market failure often occurs becauseA. the marginal external cost resulting from the military action is not reflected in the market price23) A merger between a textile mill and a clothing manufacturing company would be considered aB. vertical merger24) A merger between a baby food company and a life insurance company would be considered aC. conglomerate merger2 5) The fact that U.S. managers salaries are comfortably greater than those of comparable managers in Japan may be connect toA. an increase in the demand for CEOs26) Suppose people freely fill to spend 40 percent of their income on health care, but the governance decides to tax 40 percent of a persons income to supply the very(prenominal) level of coverage as before. What can be verbalize about deadweight loss in each case?A. Taxing income results in deadweight loss, while purchasing health care on ones own does not result in deadweight loss.27) The U.S. textile industry is comparatively small because the US imports most of its clothing. A clear result of the importing of clothing isD. the price of clothing is lower than it would be without imports28) Countries can expect to gain from international trade as long as theyB. peg down according to their comparative advantage29) Which of the following is an example of the law of one price?D. Because their countries have similar i nstitutions, the price paid for a ready reckoner in Germany and the United States are about the same when converted into the same currency.30) From the point of view of consumer and producer surplus, what problem may be created when a country subsidizes the cost of energy to consumers to help alleviate the burden of higher energy costs?C. It encourages the consumption of too much fuel at the expense of other goods.

The Three Layers of the Skin

 The fell serves as protection to our body by retentiveness the right temperature for it to be able to perform its task the accurate vogue (Encarta, 2007). Furthermore, it also protects the immune system, consequently guarding us from different sicknesses (Encarta, 2007). This paper entitled, The tercet Layers of the Skin intends to reintroduce the epidermis, dermis, as well as, the subcutaneous wind which ar the tierce layers of the cutis (Encarta, 2007). In addition to that, it also aims to state the functions of the aforementi onenessd.The peel off is composed of three layers. The first one is technically referred to as the epidermis, which is the skin located at the outermost layer (Encarta, 2007). The aforementioned layer, in turn, has layers as well, to wit 1) course of study corneum, which is composed of dead, horizontal skin cells that shed around every fourteen days 2) stratum licidum 3) stratum granulosum 4) stratum spinosum and 5) stratum basale, which are column-like in shape, wherein cells break up and drives the cells into the upper layers, and when they do, they turn flat and die (Encarta, 2007). Furthermore, in this first layer, one can discover the three types of specialized cells including 1) Melanocyte, which brings into being the pigment technically known as the melanin 2) Langerhans cell, which guards the skins immune system and 3) Merkels cell (Encarta, 2007).The second one is known as the dermis which is made up of three types of tissue including 1) collagen 2) elastic tissue 3) reticular fibers (Encarta, 2007). The dermis has two layers as well, namely 1) the papillary layer, which is located on top and that which is composed of a handsome arrangement of collagen fibers and 2) the reticular layer, which is located at the bottom and that which is made up of thick collagen fibers put together in a parallel way (Encarta, 2007).Moreover, in this second layer, one can discover the specialized dermic cells, including 1) hai r follicles, which are located along with the pili muscle and that which joins each follicle 2) unctuous oil glands & international ampere apocrine scent glands, which are related with the follicle 3) eccrine (sweat) glands 4) derivation vessels & nerves, which convey feelings of itch, pain, as well as, temperature and 5) Meissners & Vater-Pacini corpuscles, which convey the feelings of pressure and touch (Encarta, 2007). The last layer is known as the subcutaneous tissue, which is made up of connective and fat tissues that accommodates blood vessels, as well as, nerves (Encarta, 2007). The subcutaneous tissue actually plays a large role in the control of the skins temperature (Encarta, 2007).ReferenceEncarta (2007). Skin. Retrieved whitethorn 30, 2007 fromhttp//encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761569048/Skin.html

Elements of Music Essay

Review Questions 1. The basic elements of symphony atomic number 18 pitch, rhythm, dynamics, melody, and form. 2. Pitch is the absolute frequency of a sound it bring ups to the highness or lowness of a forest that we hear. 3. Syncopation involves placing emphasis on normally un-emphasized beats or apply a rest on a normally emphasized beat. The types of music that uses syncopation are ska, reggae, rap, jazz, and some forms of metal. 4. The three examples in forms of music are concerto, sonata, and symphony. A concerto is a tuneful piece in which one fly actor (such as a piano or violin) is accompanied by an orchestra. A sonata is a musical composition for a solo instrument (often piano or other keyboard instruments). A symphony is a musical piece that has been scored for a full orchestra it is often an extended composition. 5. Form in music is the framework that a composer uses to create a piece of music. It is the combine of other musical instruments, such as pitch, tempo, and dynamics.Critical Thinking Questions 1. I definitely agree with this assessment because music speaks to different cultures around the world, be the term universal. Even if ii people speak two different languages, such as French or Japanese, they would still relate to their own way of music throughout their language in their types of footing. 2. melodic notation is important because it determines how you learn the notes of the music and how the piece is contend. The benefits of writing mound notes to make a musical piece are creating the melody share the music with others by communicating them through the piece, and possibly make more than pieces somewhat similar to that.3. The ways we use music in our fiat are through listening on the radio in our cars, or on our mp3 players. We use it through TV commercials, movies, in stores as background music, videogames, and mostly on the internet. We can also make music ourselves establish off of playing instruments, recordings i n studios, and making beats with any heading or instrument. This is also how I mostly use music in my life, particularly through being in choirs, singing, and getting inspiration to do so by listening to different types of music on my mp3 player.4. The figure I felt which changed my mood about the specific music that played is when in 2005 I went to my starting signal concert in California with my fix and my aunt to go see bloody shame perform. As we sat in the front row, it began by a huge crystal ball orgasm down on the stage and while it split in two, Madonna appeared and singed with all the backup dancers surrounding her. It was a strange scenery for me on how she appeared on how she appeared and basing her theme off of glittery, shiny glamorous things throughout singing from her most notable songs. Though I was confused at first especially since I was young and never experienced that before, it made me sense of smell excited and happy listening to the rhythm and the melo dy of the music, which was mainly profuse tempo.

Readings in Jazz History Essay

Jazz, the medication which was born and blos slightlyd in newfound siege of siege of Orleans at the turn of the twentieth century, later traveled exclusively over the country acquiring bleak features and springs. The New Orleans air current style included polyphonic medication in which different musical comedy instru workforcets simultaneously add different variations on a particular piece of music and which includes separatedr rhythmic extemporisation. Usu bothy the musical instruments included trumpet, clarinet, and trombone all playing different melody at the akin time. Starting from New Orleans make out traveled to Chicago, Kansas city, New York and others and do them its centers for a certain period.Kansas City hunch flourished in the 1930s, when the town was an merriment capital during the Depression. The citys unique sound was largely specify by the reliance of its laps on blues, fast tempos, and simple riff structures. topical anaesthetic bands developed to a high degree in relative isolation from outside influences. The top quality of Afri mint-American origin of malarkey mattered to some other cities, but did not reach Texas until the middle 1920s. And the impact of the representatives of New Orleans style, so decisive in other parts of the country, was slight strongly felt in this region.In contrast, the sound of the blues was permeative in Texas. Kansas style, distinguished by the rise of larger dance bands, was characterized the leaning for the blues. The Kansas City style as it evolved in the 1920s and 1930s coordinated an informal head chart style relying on simple memorized parts. Among the pioneers of Kansas City contend were Count Basie band (featuring Lester Young) and Jay McShann band (featuring Charlie Parker). One of the most(prenominal) influential of the Kansas City players from the 1930s was Lester Young.Among his achievements was the change of melodic improvisation in jazz, where he offered an alternative to the hot, shorten style. Jazz style became distinguished by flowering of cool jazz, a supple manner of phrasing across barricado lines, a greater sensitivity to intervals that underlay harmonies, and emotional elevation. Lester elaborated the techniques of jazz improvisation and broadened the musics emotionality. Among other prominent players was Count Basie whose band worked on refining degenerate style, music which largely derived from the blues, relied on formal, syncopated arrangements to support soaring, improvised solos.It was propulsive music, infectious and irresistible. Murrays thesis on the return of Kansas City jazz to its roots in New Orleans seems to be more like nostalgic view. If to look at jazz of the 1930ies more attentively, it will become obvious that it was rather the reconsideration of the straight nature of jazz than a throwback. Kansas City jazz again returned to improvisation, to free performance, but improvisation now was intentional, the on-key jazz musician was that who could play without scores, who could improvise with melody and create off hand.However, if to return to New Orleans improvisation, it was predetermined by the lack of education. The musicians of that time were not professionals and many of them provided reproduced on the stage the music the way they felt it. So the passing in the grounds for improvisation is the key factor that does not lead the assertion that Kansas style is the throwback to the initial form of jazz to be feasible. I cant stand to sing the same melodic line the same way ii nights in succession, let alone two days or ten years.if you can, then it aint music, its close-order drill or exercise or yodeling or something, not music. (96) these words of baton Holiday convey the general attitude towards the jazz that existed among prominent musicians and jazz critics in the 1930s. The survey of the ideas on jazz music and its nature expressed by such musician as Louis Armstrong, Billy Holiday and Duke Ellington as well as jazz critics Robert Goffin and rear end Hammond leads to the endpoint that all of them meet in the view on the nature of jazz.though with different approaches and interpretation both musicians and critics stand up for the idea that unfeigned jazz is the music which is not written down and played all times in the same way. In other words all of them uphold the opinion that improvisation is the only key feature of true jazz what makes it easy music. However, as it was mentioned there are still some variances in approaches.Thus, Goffin for example, uses the term hot jazz to define improvised form and claims that hot jazz, is otherwise known as improvised jazz, a slip of music that was in existence long before it was formally tabulated. The appellation hot is applied to any passage in which the executant or executants leave the melodic theme and develop an imaginative structure on the radix of that theme and incorporated with it. (83) At the same t ime he points to the problems tie in to the setting jazz tunes within fixed scores that result in nothing but poor resemblance of real music.He contrasts melodic jazz to hot jazz in favour of latter canorous jazz has contributed nothing to music and will only be remembered for its abominable insipidness whereas hot jazz is a creative principle which can scarcely fail to affect the music of the future in the most original and unexpected directions. (84) Special attention Goffin pays to Louis Armstrong, whom he considers the supreme style of jazz (85). Speaking about Louis Armstrong, he also defends the idea of improvisation to be the true music.He, actually, differentiates between swing and jazz, attributing latter to the contemporary tap music. Swing for Armstrong is exactly that type of free music based on improvisation which was practiced in New Orleans thirty years before his time. The same as Goffin does Armstrong rebukes the practice of writing down music, and explains tha t angle of inclination by the quest for bring in of record companies. At the same time, John Hammond distinguishes African-American musical traditions from the popular mercenary phenomenon which he refers to as swing that is played predominantly at this time by white bands.He accuses people involved in music business of commercialization of jazz and deprivation it of any value Not the least of the despoilers are the commercial gentlemen, who produce all kinds of ridiculous recorded jazz under the fable Swing, and who are directly responsible for the stunt music that great men like Armstrong play these days. In this society there are ceaselessly Breakfast Food people to sell their wares by tying them up with something popular. (103) Hammond stands out in this team by the most desirous wish to surmount racial conflicts in jazz realm.He eternally points out to the fact that Black musicians suffer from being prejudiced by audience and record companies, despite the fact that the j azz is originally raw music. Therefore, considering these ideas, we can arrive to the conclusion that all of mentioned participants of jazz world leave common understanding of improvised nature of real jazz, and all of them own that with putting music in the frames of scores the musicians deprive it of its emotional load, stamp and originality. While, the tendency to written scores existed and evolved there must have been an story to it.The professionals discussed above agree in view that the main threat to the jazz was the commerce, practiced by record companies that tried to gain maximum profit from popular music of those days. And, as it usually occurs, such practice contributed to the reducing of music. However, looking back, this tendency did not have lethal effect for jazz, firearm today we can see that jazz did not stumbled in its turn up and continues its development appearing in such modern forms as dit jazz, nu jazz etc.Works cited listWalser, Robert. Keeping Time Readings in Jazz History. New York Oxford University Press, 1999

Historical Context of Barn Burning

William Faulkners group B Burning takes a separate of real life cultural determine and ways of southboundern life in the late 1800s. Many of those value and ways are expressed by sharecropping and live res publica. Sharecropping and tenant farming began during the end of the Civil war all through the great depression. Sharecropping is an stipulation amidst a tenant and a bring downlord in which a tenant farmer is allowed to work and live on a piece of land for free, but in exchange for living there for free, they give the landlord a share of the crop they grow.Sharecropping was mainly big in the southern states where sla really was once legal. The pay for being a tenant farmer was very low and the living itself was not very desirable. In Faulkners group B Burning Abner Snopes is a white tenant farmer. He has this attitude that he should be given everything and should not be working as a cropper because he is white. At this time in history, many sharecroppers were freed s laves. Snopes believed that because he was white, he shouldnt be a sharecropper. Like many sharecropper at this time, Snopes had plenty debts that needed to paid off.Instead of paying off his debts, Snopes reconcile to burn down his landowners barns. This leads Snopes and his family to move from county to county. This was a very common life for sharecroppers at this time. The life of a sharecropper was expert of debts, and trying to experience enough m sensationy to pay off those debts and make enough money for a living. Upon leaving his sharecropping job, Snopes finds a job at the household of Major De Spain. When they arrive, Snopes dirties a white rug and sneers at the fateful handmaiden when the servant told him not step on it.Sometime after this, the servant comes to the Snopes new home and instructs Abner to clean the rug. During this time, servants and housekeepers were treated with more respect than sharecroppers were. Abner Snopes was appall by this because he believe d that because he was a white man, he should return been treated with more respect. De Spain finds out about Snopes ruining the rug and charges them one hundred dollars added to their debt, and twenty bushels of corn. These types of arrangements were quite common at this time between sharecroppers and their landlords.The sharecroppers had little to no money, so the landlords would charge them for items, or take an particular percentage of their crops. The setting of this story is very important because it gives you a common sense of what life was wish back during the late 1800s. Barn Burning takes sic in the south after the civil war. After the civil war, the south was in the period of reconstruction. A lot of the south was destroyed from the war, and it affect everyone in the south from their economy, to their personal lives. Many people lived impoverished like the Snopes family.Abner Snopes holds a lot of resentment because he couldnt be made in his life. Instead of changin g his life and working hard, he resents everything and everyone rough him. This attitude eventually leads to his downfall. William Faulkners Barn Burning takes a lot of real life situations and puts them into fiction. He is able to put the life nigh him in to stories of fiction. Works Cited Channel , History . Sharecropping & Forty the three estates and a Mule History. com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts. History. om History Made Every Day American & World History. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http//www. history. com/topics/sharecropping>. Gardener , Ron . New Georgia encyclopaedia Sharecropping. New Georgia encyclopaedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http//www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-3590>. Giessen , James C. . New Georgia Encyclopedia Sharecropping. New Georgia Encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http//www. georgiaencyclopedia. org/nge/Article. jsp? id=h-3590>.

Are Too Many People Going to College Essay

in any case Many passel IndeedIn America higher reading has become an expectation of high school teachers, advisors, and p atomic number 18nts for students to obtain a favored life and prosper in their playing area of study, no way out the conditions, aft(prenominal) graduating high school. In this article, Are also Many People termination to College, written by Charles Murray, he feels that not everyone is meant to earn a college degree, rase though society thinks otherwise.Charles Murray believes that the elementary historic period are the prime years for learning the core knowledge, and that starting early is partly a matter part of necessity (Murray 224). The reason for this occurrence is, because most young children transport learning more than adult students. The classes in high school are assumed to frame you for college, but they teach this curriculum at a level below college course demands, so Murray believes that it can either prepare the interested ones for th is post secondary transition, or be more serve for what it is worth, according to what their future has in store for them (Murray 224).Students who realize they motive to advert a post secondary school are offered two and quadruple year degrees. Four-year degrees have become standard for people who have the impart power and resources to achieve the diploma at the end, but not umpteen people are exiting to finish through. In 1995, only 58 pct had gotten their B.A. five academic years later. Another 14 percent were still enrolled, so now their four-year plan has now ended up being five years, six years, and eventually a degree for some. decision a job that absolutely requires a Bachelors Degree is rare these days. So obtaining this extra two-year degree may be a excess of time and money for most students. Not everyone wants to be a lawyer or doctor anyways, there are some people that want to become a good hotel manager, software de takeer, accountant, hospital administrator a nd outlet to a college that offers a two year program or technical foul college would be the most proficient way about dealing with this (Murray 230).When soul is not in the top percentile in their class they should not focus on earning a B.A. and becoming an average Joe in their field of study, e.g., business manager but to focus on becoming an engineer, e.g., electrician, in a line of work that they would enjoy. The world will always study people who will love to work with their hands, and mentally require a technical college education. Murray is saying in Are Too Many People Going to College you can go learn what you need to, to become an electrician, or any(prenominal) specialty you enjoy, in two years, get out, and make money, and whence watch the business guy still be studying for two more years.Society is what tells us who is better than whom, and most of it depends on our education. Murray states in this article that many people do not need to project college, but t hat everyone deserves and needs the opportunity to learn all that they can from whatever source it may be, just do not go sign up for a B.A. program if you do not think you will be interested in it, or complete it. There essential be a better way (Murray 242).Works CitedMurray, Charles. Are Too Many Going to College. They Say, I Say with Readings. 2nd Edition. Eds. Graff, Birkenstein, Durst. New York Norton, 2012. 222-242. Print.

Nosocomial Infections

Remember your m separate perpetu every(prenominal)y reminding you to swoosh your fly the coop overs? We crap entirely been told to do so at champion portend in our lives or a nonher. As children we grudgingly obeyed, non re only ify appreciating the knowledge and cacoethes behind the statement. For close to of us, the regard as of scramble hold of hygienics is superficial a path to dismantle soiled, unsightly flocks. We were not assured that backwash our devil its mending(a)ly was a primary exculpation against many types of diseases.As a child it was obligate upon us by our p arnts, notwithstanding as we grew older, we realize its uncoiled value but no lasting exercise session it on a fixity basis, bugger offing it inconvenient and a redundance of snip. The truth is that mitt hygienics is champion of our best defenses against diseases. The straightforward act of slipstream and rubbing our give livelyly with pocket and running wet is an st iff case against bacterium-borne infections. And this is especi exclusivelyy sure for wellness superintend professionals who be uncovered to bacteria on a regular basis.People go to hospitals and other healthc atomic number 18 institutions for medical exam attention and give-and- be give way of their ailments. However, maculation some state astound well afterwards a aro occasion to the hospital, there ar cases where muckle necessitate worsened be piddle of picture show to injuryful microorganisms that split in these hospitals. In hospitals, bacteria proliferate because of the high submergence of ill population at unrivaled name at any champion given time, and they brush aside cause second intimacy infections to people passing play to the hospital. These types of infections atomic number 18 caught secondary to a hospital visit or stay, and ar c t away ensembleed nosocomial infections.The cracker bonbon for ailment fake (CDC) delimitate nosocom ial infections or health explosive charge- realised infections as infections that affected roles acquire during the execute of receiving treatment. (Boyce, 2002, 29) And because these patients did not initi every last(predicate)(a)y lactate these nosocomial infections, they could only have been acquired eon in the hospital, while in tinct with doctors and nurses who go from wholeness maladjusted patient to another. These health eachot professionals scram the chief(prenominal) mode of contagion for nosocomial infections, and this is do veritable(a) worse especially if doctors and nurses do not practice squargon-toed deal hygienics.It does not take a garden rocket scientist to figure it out. In hospitals, most patients argon bed-ridden, not allowed to go from unitary space to another. in that locationfore, the risk of them forthwith infecting another patient is slim. Only doctors and nurses go forward some from ace patient to another, in constant physical con tact with the patients. Because the men are their great denominate of contact, the men set about the primary(prenominal) vehicle of microbes as well. They stick to the doctors and nurses helping advance, and carry on there until they are dropped off someplace else.This process goes on and on until the bacteria find a suitable soldiery, which is almost always, the human body. indoors the human body, these microbes allow for colonize and proliferate, causation many types of health problems. These momentary, disease do bacteria use the flake off as temporary vehicles to get from one point to another. However, because these microbes are transient and non-colonizing on the skin muster up, they are comfortably re campaign by fitting and hard hand s go against out with an anti-microbial flog and water. Therefore, meet hand washables pot substantiation the lot head of disease-causing bacteria in their tracks. If doctors and nurses br from each one to reav e their give, they become virtual havens for microbes, transmittance and causing nosocomial infections.The figures are alarming. Studies have shown that one out of either 20 patients contract nosocomial infections because of inadequate hygienics practices in most Ameri give the gate hospitals. These nosocomial infections kill an estimated 103,000 people in the fall in States a year, as many as AIDS, breast squeeze outcer and auto accidents combined. (McCaughey, 2005, 1) The mankind Health switch-up regulates that nosocomial or healthcare acquired infections are one of the jumper cable causes of morbidity and mortality rate rates worldwide. (Ducel, 2002, 7) And all of this because of nasty detention. And all of these deaths and crucifixion are unnecessary. They corporation be substantially remedied. If e truly healthcare worker would faithfully practice proper hand hygienics as they work from one patient to another, there would be an ready and profound reducing in the spread of resistant bacteria.(Goldmann, 2006, 122)From every point of contact with patients, the detainment of doctors and nurses are dirty, carrying infection-causing microbes and as doctors and nurses fancy to their patients needs, these bacteria move into the patients. While most of these bacteria brook normally be fought off by the body, the compromised bodies of patients already thinned by an living sickness become easy targets for these parasites, and nosocomial infections disregard slowly set in. And because these infections clap a unclouded immune system, these can lead to to a greater extent serious complications and level(p) death.As the main(prenominal) vectors of nosocomial infections, doctors and nurses can delay the spread through with(predicate) appropriate hand-sanitizing procedures. chip in hygienics is the single most important patient care practice that health care providers can do to check cross befoulment and nosocomial infection. rough ma y say that hand hygiene is made purposeless by wearing away of antiseptic gloves on a regular basis. However, even if doctors and nurses wear gloves, it will overly be polluted if the reach are not salvage in the showtime off place. These gloves moldiness be worn and removed using the hands, and so the cycle of contamination perpetuates itself in the hands of doctors and nurses with dirty hands.The bring in of hand airstream is very elementary and very effective. Microbes are parasites. They figure on a host to live and cast themselves. However, bacteria are not liquid they do have the means to move from one place to another. As such, they depend on exterior attend to move about and find new hosts to infect. This help comes in the devise of doctors and nurse, who because of their many responsibilities, impart to clean their hands, or do so incorrectly. The anti-microbial property of exclusives confident(p) the rigorous clangor of the rubbing of the hands can s ubstantially remove, weaken, or even kill these transient, infection-causing microbes out front they can cause anyone any much harm. As such, a system-wide must be enforced, making proper hand hygiene mandatory for all doctors and nurses. perish hygiene stations must be installed all over hospitals to set it easy for healthcare workers to clean their hands anytime.Indeed nosocomial infections can exact a high price. besides what is even more unfortunate about nosocomial infections is the incident that it can be avoided. These healthcare associated infections are unnecessary tragedies that can be easily foreseeed with proper sanitisation and hygiene procedures.Of course it is important to peak that hand hygiene or hand process is not enough. It must be make properly, sideline certain guidelines. It is not enough to clean the hands they must be disinfected. normal or public hand washing is the same as no hand hygiene at all. This means that hand washing must be make r ight, or not at all because it does not make any inconsistency to harmful microbes or the health of the patients. impart hygiene depends on the case and the surface area of the hospital involved. typical hand hygiene should be jadee for at least a minute, with vigorous rubbing of the dickens hands against each other. Plain soap has been proven to effective against microorganism because the soap lifts the microbes off the surface of the skin to be rinsed off by running water. apply hygiene need not be conglomerate or costly. all told it takes is soap, running water, and friction, and the retard to do it on a regular basis and properly. The key is to make it a habit. There is no shortfall of evidence demo that hand washing is effective in halting the spread of infections the problem is that very few people in the health care effort practice hand hygiene in meekness with regulations. some wash their hands but do so inappropriately, which is deceitful in itself.While fish fillet the spread of nosocomial infections is complex, there is no denying the fact that the first line of defense against nosocomial infections is hand hygiene for nurses and doctors. innocent adherence to proper cleaning/disinfecting procedures is all that is needed to prevent needless infections from dispersal any come on and causing more harm. It is simply a matter of discipline.First do no harm that is the adage that all health workers protest by. It is ironic that nurses and doctors should in like manner be the main vectors of nosocomial infections. These nosocomial infections are the ignominy of the healthcare system because it can be prevented with faithful compliance to proper hygiene procedures. The solution lies literally in our hands. If we dont clean our hands, then it is dirty with the needless suffering and death of patients from nosocomial infections. Our dirty hands are delinquent hands.Works CitedGoldmann, Donald. System misadventure Versus Personal Accouta bilityThe event for Clean Hands. in the buff England Journal of Medicine. 355121-3. 13 July 2006. 22 whitethorn 2007. https//content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/355/2/121.pdfCenters for Disease look and ginmill. (2006). Healthcare-Associated contagions (HAIs). Retrieved March 17, 2007, from http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/healthDis.htmlDucel, G., et al., eds. Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections-A virtual(a) Guide. Geneva sphere Health Organization. 2002. 21 may 2007. http//www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/whocdscsreph200212.pdfGorman, Christine. clean Those Hands How doctors and nurses can make you sick and what you can do about it. TIME. 163. 1. 29 March 2004 opponent Viewpoints Resource Center. doubting doubting Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., refreshful Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http//www.time.com/time/magazine/ member/0,9171,993710,00.htmlGuideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings Recommendations of the Healthcare Infectio n Control Practices informative Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene task Force. 51. 25. Oct. 2002 1-44. Boyce, John and Diddier, Pittet. Het.comps Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR. Retrieved on 23 May 2007. http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htmMcCaughey, Betsy. glide slope Clean. (Editorial Desk) (Hospital Hygiene and Infections). The unused York Times. 6 June 2005 argue Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., young Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http//hospitalinfection.org/ contract/060505ny_times.pdfNosocomial InfectionsRemember your mother always reminding you to wash your hands? We have all been told to do so at one point in our lives or another. As children we grudgingly obeyed, not really appreciating the wisdom and love behind the statement. For most of us, the value of hand hygiene is superficial a means to clean soiled, unsightly hands. We were not aware that washing our hands regularly was a primary defense against many types of diseases. As a child it was imposed upon us by our parents, but as we grew older, we realize its true value but no longer practice it on a regular basis, finding it inconvenient and a waste of time.The truth is that hand hygiene is one of our best defenses against diseases. The simple act of washing and rubbing our hands vigorously with soap and running water is an effective shield against bacteria-borne infections. And this is especially true for health care professionals who are exposed to bacteria on a regular basis.People go to hospitals and other healthcare institutions for medical attention and treatment of their ailments. However, while most people get well after a trip to the hospital, there are cases where people get worse because of exposure to harmful microorganisms that abound in these hospitals. In hospitals, bacteria proliferate because of the high concentration of ill people at one place at any one given time, and they can cause secondary infections to people going to the hospital.These types of infections are caught secondary to a hospital visit or stay, and are called nosocomial infections. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) defined nosocomial infections or healthcare-acquired infections as infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment. (Boyce, 2002, 29) And because these patients did not initially harbor these nosocomial infections, they could only have been acquired while in the hospital, while in contact with doctors and nurses who go from one sick patient to another. These health care professionals become the main mode of transmission for nosocomial infections, and this is made even worse especially if doctors and nurses do not practice proper hand hygiene.It does not take a rocket scientist to figure it out. In hospitals, most patients are bed-ridden, not allowed to go from one place to another. Therefore, the risk of them directly infecting another patie nt is slim. Only doctors and nurses move about from one patient to another, in constant physical contact with the patients. Because the hands are their main point of contact, the hands become the main vehicle of microbes as well. They stick to the doctors and nurses hands, and remain there until they are dropped off somewhere else. This process goes on and on until the bacteria find a suitable host, which is almost always, the human body. Inside the human body, these microbes will colonize and proliferate, causing many types of health problems.These transient, disease causing bacteria use the skin as temporary vehicles to get from one point to another. However, because these microbes are transient and non-colonizing on the skin surface, they are easily removed by proper and rigorous hand washing with an anti-microbial soap and water. Therefore, proper hand washing can halt the spread of disease-causing bacteria in their tracks. If doctors and nurses fail to clean their hands, they b ecome virtual havens for microbes, transmitting and causing nosocomial infections.The figures are alarming. Studies have shown that one out of every 20 patients contract nosocomial infections because of inadequate hygiene practices in most American hospitals. These nosocomial infections kill an estimated 103,000 people in the United States a year, as many as AIDS, breast malignant neoplastic disease and auto accidents combined. (McCaughey, 2005, 1) The World Health Organization says that nosocomial or healthcare acquired infections are one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. (Ducel, 2002, 7) And all of this because of dirty hands. And all of these deaths and suffering are unnecessary. They can be easily remedied. If every healthcare worker would faithfully practice proper hand hygiene as they move from one patient to another, there would be an immediate and profound reduction in the spread of resistant bacteria.(Goldmann, 2006, 122)From every point of c ontact with patients, the hands of doctors and nurses are dirty, carrying infection-causing microbes and as doctors and nurses attend to their patients needs, these bacteria move into the patients. While most of these bacteria can normally be fought off by the body, the compromised bodies of patients already weakened by an existing sickness become easy targets for these parasites, and nosocomial infections can easily set in. And because these infections attack a weak immune system, these can lead to more serious complications and even death.As the main vectors of nosocomial infections, doctors and nurses can prevent the spread through appropriate hand-sanitizing procedures. Hand hygiene is the single most important patient care practice that health care providers can do to prevent cross contamination and nosocomial infection. Some may say that hand hygiene is made redundant by wearing of antiseptic gloves on a regular basis. However, even if doctors and nurses wear gloves, it will a lso be contaminated if the hands are not clean in the first place. These gloves must be worn and removed using the hands, and so the cycle of contamination perpetuates itself in the hands of doctors and nurses with dirty hands.The premise of hand washing is very simple and very effective. Microbes are parasites. They depend on a host to live and reproduce themselves. However, bacteria are not mobile they do have the means to move from one place to another. As such, they depend on outside help to move about and find new hosts to infect. This help comes in the form of doctors and nurse, who because of their many responsibilities, forget to clean their hands, or do so incorrectly. The anti-microbial property of soaps plus the rigorous friction of the rubbing of the hands can easily remove, weaken, or even kill these transient, infection-causing microbes before they can cause anyone any more harm. As such, a system-wide must be enforced, making proper hand hygiene mandatory for all doct ors and nurses. Hand hygiene stations must be installed all over hospitals to make it easy for healthcare workers to clean their hands anytime.Indeed nosocomial infections can exact a high price. But what is even more unfortunate about nosocomial infections is the fact that it can be avoided. These healthcare associated infections are unnecessary tragedies that can be easily prevented with proper sanitation and hygiene procedures.Of course it is important to note that hand hygiene or hand washing is not enough. It must be done properly, following certain guidelines. It is not enough to clean the hands they must be disinfected. Normal or ordinary hand washing is the same as no hand hygiene at all. This means that hand washing must be done right, or not at all because it does not make any difference to harmful microbes or the health of the patients. Hand hygiene depends on the case and the area of the hospital involved. Normal hand hygiene should be done for at least a minute, with vi gorous rubbing of the two hands against each other. Plain soap has been proven to effective against microorganism because the soap lifts the microbes off the surface of the skin to be rinsed off by running water.Hand hygiene need not be complicated or costly. All it takes is soap, running water, and friction, and the discipline to do it regularly and properly. The key is to make it a habit. There is no dearth of evidence showing that hand washing is effective in halting the spread of infections the problem is that very few people in the health care industry practice hand hygiene in compliance with regulations. Most wash their hands but do so inappropriately, which is useless in itself.While stopping the spread of nosocomial infections is complex, there is no denying the fact that the first line of defense against nosocomial infections is hand hygiene for nurses and doctors. Simple adherence to proper cleaning/disinfecting procedures is all that is needed to prevent needless infectio ns from spreading any further and causing more harm. It is simply a matter of discipline.First do no harm that is the adage that all health workers swear by. It is ironic that nurses and doctors should also be the main vectors of nosocomial infections. These nosocomial infections are the shame of the healthcare system because it can be prevented with faithful compliance to proper hygiene procedures. The solution lies literally in our hands. If we dont clean our hands, then it is dirty with the needless suffering and death of patients from nosocomial infections. Our dirty hands are guilty hands.Works CitedGoldmann, Donald. System Failure Versus Personal AccoutabilityThe Case for Clean Hands. New England Journal of Medicine. 355121-3. 13 July 2006. 22 May 2007. https//content.nejm.org/cgi/reprint/355/2/121.pdfCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). Retrieved March 17, 2007, from http//www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/healthDis.htmlDucel, G., et al., eds. Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infections-A Practical Guide. Geneva World Health Organization. 2002. 21 May 2007. http//www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugresist/whocdscsreph200212.pdfGorman, Christine. Wash Those Hands How doctors and nurses can make you sick and what you can do about it. TIME. 163. 1. 29 March 2004 Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., New Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993710,00.htmlGuideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. 51. 25. Oct. 2002 1-44. Boyce, John and Diddier, Pittet. Het.comps Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). MMWR. Retrieved on 23 May 2007. http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htmMcCaughey, Betsy. Coming Clean. (Editorial Desk) (Hospital Hygiene and Infections) . The New York Times. 6 June 2005 Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Thomas Gale. Pasco-Hernando Community College Lib., New Port Richey, FL. 23 May 2007. http//hospitalinfection.org/press/060505ny_times.pdf